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Which airlines have the most Heathrow airport take-off and landing slots?

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Which airlines have the most take off and landing slots at London Heathrow Airport?

We thought we’d take a look. We have taken the data from Airport Coordination Ltd, which runs the slot allocation programme. The numbers below are for the full winter season which runs from late October until late March (22 weeks).

Which airlines have the most Heathrow Airport take-off and landing slots?

Here are the 25 airlines with the most slots at Heathrow

‘Slots held’ is the total number of individual slots for the entire winter flying season divided by the number of weeks.

Two slots are required per flight. Virgin Atlantic, for example, has 392 slots which equals 196 return flights per week.

AirlineSlots held% of total
British Airways4,77951.84%
Virgin Atlantic3924.25%
Lufthansa2903.15%
Aer Lingus2883.12%
United Airlines2783.02%
American Airlines2702.93%
Scandinavian Airlines2162.34%
Swiss International Air Lines1681.82%
Delta Air Lines1641.78%
Eurowings1641.78%
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines1441.56%
Air Canada1121.21%
Iberia1121.21%
Air France981.06%
Qatar Airways900.98%
Turkish Airlines880.95%
Emirates840.91%
TAP Air Portugal760.82%
Cathay Pacific740.80%
Etihad Airways700.76%
Finnair580.63%
Singapore Airlines580.63%
Air India560.61%
Austrian Airlines560.61%
ITA – Italia Trasporto Aereo520.56%

Unsurprisingly, British Airways comes out on top with over 50% of all slots allocated (the grand total of slots across all airlines is 9220 per week, so 658 departures per day). This is an order of magnitude more than Virgin Atlantic which has a meagre 4.25% in comparison.

The list doesn’t adjust for common ownership. In reality, Lufthansa Group has many more slots than it seems because they are listed by individual airline, rather than the group as a whole. In theory you could add in SWISS, Eurowings and other Lufthansa Group airlines to their total.

Who is a likely taker of slots which airlines do not want to fly?

As it happens, we know which airlines are keen on Heathrow slots because new requests are published by Airport Coordination.

The largest demands for fresh slots for Winter 2023 were from British Airways (154 per week), Loganair (76), ITA (68), Aurigney (56), Virgin Atlantic (56) and Emirates (48). These would be slots which come up from airlines forfeiting their existing ones due to non-use.

British Airways and Loganair succeeded in gaining some new slots. New airlines include LATAM Peru, which is launching daily direct flights to Lima this winter, as well as Tunisair and Croatia Airlines. Not all airlines which receive slots end up using them, as some require at least one daily slot pair to make it worthwhile.

Slot allocation by alliance

Let’s take a look at Heathrow slot allocation by airline alliance. Looking at all airlines, oneworld comes out on top with 60% of the slot allocation. This isn’t surprising given that British Airways, a oneworld member, is the single largest Heathrow slot holder.

Star Alliance trails with 18% whilst SkyTeam is barely in the same league with just over 10%. This is a substantially better performance than in previous years, before Virgin Atlantic joined SkyTeam.

Heathrow slot allocations by airline alliance:

oneworld59.8%
Star Alliance18.2%
SkyTeam10.7%

The numbers look very different when you take British Airways out of the equation:

Heathrow slot holders by alliance, without British Airways:

Star Alliance37.7%
SkyTeam22.3%
oneworld exc BA16.6%

In such a scenario, Star Alliance has the same number of slots as its competitors combined.

The numbers vary again when you take into consideration Aer Lingus and Eurowings, who are not officially part of an alliance but are strongly affiliated to an alliance member. Aer Lingus is oneworld focussed given its ownership by IAG. Eurowings is a subsidiary of Lufthansa and therefore closely aligned with Star Alliance:

Heathrow slot allocations based on alliance and core partnerships:

oneworld 60.0%
Star Alliance19.0%
SkyTeam10.2%

Comments (52)

This article is closed to new comments. Feel free to ask your question in the HfP forums.

  • dan_a_man says:

    Curious where the info is from that Aurigny (not Aurigney) requested Heathrow slots? We havent had Heathrow flights since Flybe temporarily took over unused slots (what a glorious time that was).

    • Rhys says:

      It’s in the official slot coordination report!

      • PeterK says:

        Aurigny applies every season for LHR slots, as do other carriers. A proportion of any new slots at LHR are allocated to ‘new entrant’ carriers but new slots are few so the ‘new entant’ number is a small number of a small number!

  • Erico1875 says:

    I’d like to see similar data for FRA, AMS ,CDG and MAD.
    It would be interesting to see how much of a monopoly each of the flag carriers have in their home country

    • insider says:

      British Airways’ (or IAG’s) monopoly is less monopolistic than AF-KLM in Paris / Amsterdam and LH Group at Frankfurt. For example, there aren’t many other European airlines that have a direct long-haul competitor at their hubs (as is the case with Virgin)

      • air_niugini says:

        virgin competing with ba? for what? who can make you the most miserable and least value for money and

      • Londonsteve says:

        I suppose the key difference between LHR and other European hubs is that while the other European legacy airlines might have an even higher percentage of slots at those airports, they’re not nearly as capacity constrained as Heathrow and therefore, should they wish to, challenger airlines are able to acquire slots much more easily. The market for passengers wanting to fly to Amsterdam and Frankfurt is far smaller than London and without the benefit of a route network via which your passengers can continue their journey, there’s limited appeal for yet another flight into a giant airport that serves a small city when the likes of AF-KLM and Lufthansa already operates a dense timetable. London needs a 4 runway hub as a minimum, the investment would repay itself in economic growth many times over.

  • Roberto says:

    Your maths are off.
    The sum of the slots is not 9220 as per your article.

  • Kiran_mk2 says:

    So with BA having an odd number of slots, does that mean that some flights have a weird frequency or does this allow for maintenance flights from (for example) Cardiff?

    • Alex Sm says:

      Maybe this is because of flights landing on Sunday and departing on Monday? Counted as different weeks

  • Stuart says:

    Surprised BA were requesting more slots, they can hardly run what they’ve got at the moment

    • planeconcorde says:

      +1
      Eight out of ten of my last ten BA domestic and short haul flights have been at least forty five minutes late. The two “on time” were only fifteen minutes late. Don’t get in started on the advanced notice cancellations.

      • JDB says:

        @planeconcorde timekeeping has been a massive problem right across Europe this summer and is obviously worse at congested airports like LHR. It has been a terrible summer for weather, specific ATC issues but also wider ATC congestion across Central Europe which is likely to continue.

    • Richie says:

      Sort UK261 out and give a truly independant regulator teeth and watch things change for the better.

      • JDB says:

        @Richie no regulator across Europe enforces 261 and we won’t rewrite the rules (save perhaps for domestic flights) on our own. There is a huge divergence of opinion between the commission and individual countries. I think one should also be careful what one wishes for – if 261 were rewritten, it is likely to have aspects that will be less favourable to the passenger.

      • will says:

        What 261 really needs is an independent judgement for every late flight to attribute the delay to either the airline or factors beyond their control.
        Once you have that you’re practically there.

        I did recently have to laugh at Ryanair wanting compensation for the recent ATC meltdown though.

        They tell passengers who are out of the scope of regulatory compensation to go to their travel insurance but expect to be able to get away with getting the gov to compensate for an ATC meltdown rather than taking out their own insurance against such events.

    • JDB says:

      @Stuart of course BA always asks for slots. If it doesn’t, someone else may get them and they are then lost effectively forever. BA will eventually resolve its staffing and aircraft shortage issues.

  • Doug says:

    what surprised me, at first glance, is that Virgin are second and that United have more slots than American.
    Now, what would make an interesting sequel to this article, is how many destinations can be flown directly from LHR and how many cannot.

    • Rob says:

      United has no alliance partner so that’s not entirely surprising. I suspect AA may have leased / sold / given slots to BA over the years for JV purposes because BA presumably is a better brand than AA out of London.

      • AJA says:

        I thought United was a founder member of Star Alliance which would mean it partners with Lufthansa. Whether customers would fly FRA-LHR-EWR is another matter.

        • Rob says:

          Exactly. They don’t.

        • jjoohhnn says:

          No Joint Venture partners on atlantic route like others.

          LHR is big for United. They recently took on the old BMI hanger there for maintenance.

          • Rob says:

            … and hired a huge number of BA engineers by offering far better money, hence the number of aircraft currently out of service.

      • Michael Jennings says:

        Back in the olden days, Pan Am and TWA were the only only US airlines allowed to use Heathrow. Pan Am sold their Heathrow operation to United and TWA sold theirs to American, and both United and (later) American entered the Heathrow market with a big chunk of slots. All the others had to accumulate slots from scratch when the rules were changed a little under 20 years ago.

  • pigeon says:

    Hmmm, the long term consequence of letting BA take BMI over. Not sure it was the right decision…

    • Rob says:

      Star should have bought BMI purely for the slots and shared them out. Was a once in a generation opportunity.

      • Jetset Boyz says:

        They certainly did help themselves to a large portion of BMI’s slots before selling to British Airways.

  • jjoohhnn says:

    Is the list in the table the airline that owns the slot, or the airline that is using the slot?

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